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| Newly graduated rebels with the Democratic Alliance for the Liberation of Congo Zaire participate in military exercises |
CONGO
CONFLICT
Congo conflict is a long and a crisis which is
highly experienced in the eastern part of the democratic republic of Congo
(DRC) and it is regarded by the western countries as the African First World
War.
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Congo gained its
independence in 1960 and became under Patrice Lumumba who was overthrowened by
Mobutu Se Seseko in 1964
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In October 1996, Rwanda
troops (RPA) entered DRC with an army coalition led by LAURENT DESIRE KABILA
known as AFDL and in 17th may 1997 Kabila declared himself a president;
he was also supported by Uganda.
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In 2000 Kabila was gunned down and replaced by his son
JOSEPH KABILA at the age of 31.
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Congo is the 3rd
vastness country in Africa
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Congo has almost 200 ethnic groups speaking different
languages, but the most large groups are
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Luba
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Kongo
·
Anamongo
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Congolese Tutsi as well as the government of Burundi, Rwanda
and Uganda, all relied on the Rwanda
military presence in DRC for the protection against hostile army groups
operating from the eastern part of the country.
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The Interahamwe militia of the HUTU ethnic, mostly from Rwanda which fought TUTSI- dominated government
of Rwanda.
·
HUTU members of the former Rwanda armed forces
·
Mayi mayi, a loose association of traditional Congolese
local defense forces which fought the influx of Rwanda immigrants.
·
The Alliance of Democratic
Forces (ADF) made up of Uganda
expatriates and supported by the government of Sudan.
·
Several groups of HUTU from Burundi
fighting the TUTSI dominated government of Burundi.
TYPE OF THE
CONFLICT
Congo conflict is the
state control/failed state
PARTIES INVOLVED IN THE CONGO CONFLICT
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The government of the Democratic Republic of Congo
led by JOSEPH KABILA
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Several armed groups (Congolese Rally for Democracy –RDC,
Kisangai/Movement de Liberation).
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Rebels movement
·
Movement for Liberation of Congo
(MLC) under PIERRE
BEMBA
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Mayi mayi militia fighters under KYUNGU MUTAGA
·
The National Congress for Defense of Congolese People (CNDP)
faction in the northern kivu
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Foreign rebels.
·
Burundi forces; Forces
for Defense of Democracy (FDD)
·
Forces Democratique de Liberation (FNZ)
·
Rasta Movement, former Hutu militants
·
Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA)
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International forces involved in peace support operation
·
MONUC – UN mission in the DRC since 1999
·
German led European Union Mission.
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CAUSES OF THE CONFLICT
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Struggle for political power, USA backed MOBUTU to overthrow
LUMUMBA in 1990’s - Antonio Gezanga
declared himself a Prime Minister
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Bad governance (Dictatorial) – Mobutu in 1965 led to the
civilian revolt
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Conflicts over basic resources such as water
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Access and control over rich minerals areas and their
resources, cobalt, diamond, copper….Moise Tshombe declared Katanga a free province from Congo
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Nepotism
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Regionalism…Bas Congo, Kasai etc
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Rebels movements…..refugees from Rwanda
and Burundi
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Ethnicity….Bagaulla group was very strong
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Assassination of leaders
IMPACTS
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Death of people…..from august 1998 to April 2004, 3.8
million death were reported
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Starvation and diseases
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Refugees
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Human rights violations.
WAYS TOWARDS PEACE
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1998 an agreement was signed (LUSAKA
PEACE AGREEMENT) by key rebel movement (NLC), Congolese Liberation Movement
Rary for Congolese Democracy (RDC) with government of Kinshasa.
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Democratization….2006,first general election in 40 years
then 2011
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Peace keeping operation.
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MONUC...since 1999, since 2005 it has stepped up active
military actions
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EU mission led by German
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